Battle of Borodino During the Napoleonic Wars

Battle of Borodino During the Napoleonic Wars The Battle of Borodino was fought on September 7, 1812, during the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). Battle of Borodino Background Assembling La Grande Armà ©e in eastern  Poland,  Napoleon prepared to renew hostilities with Russia in mid-1812. Though great efforts had been made by the French to procure the needed supplies for the effort, barely enough had been collected to sustain a short campaign. Crossing the Niemen River with a massive force of nearly 700,000 men, the French advanced in several columns and hoped to forage for additional supplies. Personally leading the central force, numbering around 286,000 men, Napoleon sought to engage and defeat Count Michael Barclay de Tollys main Russian army. Armies Commanders Russians General Mikhail Kutuzov120,000 men French Napoleon I130,000 men Precursors to the Battle It was hoped that by winning a decisive victory and annihilating Barclays force that the campaign could be brought to a speedy conclusion. Driving into Russian territory, the French moved swiftly. The speed of the French advance along with political infighting among the Russian high command prevented Barclay from establishing a defensive line. As a result, Russian forces remained uncommitted which prevented Napoleon from engaging in the large-scale battle he sought. As the Russians retreated, the French increasingly found forage harder to obtain and their supply lines growing longer. These soon came under attack by Cossack light cavalry and the French quickly began consuming the supplies that were on hand. With Russian forces in retreat, Tsar Alexander I lost confidence in Barclay and replaced him with Prince Mikhail Kutuzov on August 29. Assuming command, Kutuzov was forced to continue the retreat. Trading land for time soon began to favor the Russians as Napoleons command dwindled down to 161,000 men through starvation, straggling, and disease. Reaching Borodino, Kutuzov was able to turn and form a strong defensive position near the Kolocha and Moskwa Rivers. The Russian Position While Kutuzovs right was protected by the river, his line extended south through ground broken by woods and ravines and ended at the village of Utitza. To strengthen his line, Kutuzov ordered the construction of a series of field fortifications, the largest of which was the 19-gun Raevsky (Great) Redoubt in the center of his line. To the south, an obvious avenue of attack between two wooded areas was blocked by a series of open-backed fortifications known as flà ¨ches. In front of his line, Kutuzov constructed the Shevardino Redoubt to block the French line of advance, as well as detailed light troops to hold Borodino. The Fighting Begins Though his left was weaker, Kutuzov placed his best troops, Barclays First Army, on his right as he was expecting reinforcements in this area and hoped to swing across the river to strike the French flank. In addition, he consolidated nearly half his artillery into a reserve which he hoped to use at a decisive point. On September 5, the cavalry forces of the two armies clashed with the Russians ultimately falling back. The next day, the French launched a massive assault on the Shevardino Redoubt, taking it but sustaining 4,000 casualties in the process. The Battle of Borodino Assessing the situation, Napoleon was advised by his marshals to swing south around the Russian left at Utitza. Ignoring this advice, he instead planned a series of frontal assaults for September 7. Forming a Grand Battery of 102 guns opposite the flà ¨ches, Napoleon commenced a bombardment of Prince Pyotr Bagrations men around 6:00 AM. Sending the infantry forward, they succeeded in driving the enemy from the position by 7:30, but were swiftly pushed back by a Russian counterattack. Additional French assaults re-took the position, but the infantry came under heavy fire from Russian guns. As the fighting continued, Kutuzov moved reinforcements to the scene and planned another counterattack. This was subsequently broken up by French artillery which had been moved forward. While fighting raged around the flà ¨ches, French troops moved against the Raevsky Redoubt. While assaults came directly against the redoubts front, additional French troops drove Russian jaegers (light infantry) out of Borodino and attempted to cross the Kolocha to the north. These troops were driven back by the Russians, but a second attempt to cross the river succeeded. With support from these troops, the French to the south were able to storm the Raevsky Redoubt. Though the French took the position, they were pushed out by a determined Russian counterattack as Kutuzov fed troops into the battle. Around 2:00 PM, a massive French assault succeeded in securing the redoubt. Despite this achievement, the assault had disorganized the attackers and Napoleon was forced to pause. During the fighting, Kutuzovs massive artillery reserve played a little role as its commander had been killed. To the far south, both sides battled over Utitza, with the French finally taking the village. As the fighting lulled, Napoleon moved forward to assess the situation. Though his men had triumphed, they had been badly bled. Kutuzovs army worked to reform on a series of ridges to the east and was largely intact. Possessing only the French Imperial Guard as a reserve, Napoleon elected not to make a final push against the Russians. As a result, Kutuzovs men were able to withdraw from the field on September 8. Aftermath The fighting at Borodino cost Napoleon around 30,000-35,000 casualties, while the Russians suffered around 39,000-45,000. With the Russians retreating in two columns towards Semolino, Napoleon was free to advance and capture  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Moscow on September 14. Entering the city, he expected the Tsar to offer his surrender. This was not forthcoming and Kutuzovs army remained in the field. Possessing an empty city and lacking supplies, Napoleon was forced to begin his long and costly retreat west that October. Returning to friendly soil with around 23,000 men, Napoleons massive army had effectively been destroyed in the course of the campaign. The French army never fully recovered from the losses suffered in Russia. Sources Napoleon Guide: Battle of BorodinoBattle of Borodino, 1812War Times Journal: Battle of Borodino

Eozostrodon - Facts and Figures

Eozostrodon - Facts and Figures Name: Eozostrodon (Greek for early girdle tooth); pronounced EE-oh-ZO-struh-don Habitat: Woodlands of Western Europe Historical Period: Late Triassic-Early Jurassic (210-190 million years ago) Size and Weight: About five inches long and a few ounces Diet: Insects Distinguishing Characteristics: Long, sleek body; short legs    About Eozostrodon If Eozostrodon was a true Mesozoic mammaland thats still a matter of some debatethen it was one of the earliest to have evolved from the therapsids (mammal-like reptiles) of the earlier Triassic period. This tiny beast was distinguished by its complex, three-cusped molars, its relatively large eyes (which indicate that it may have hunted at night) and its weasel-like body; like all early mammals, it probably lived high up in trees, so as not to get squashed by the larger dinosaurs of its European habitat. Its still unclear whether Eozostrodon laid eggs and suckled its young when they hatched, like a modern platypus, or gave birth to live babies.

What did Gorbachev mean by the new political thinking in foreign Essay

What did Gorbachev mean by the new political thinking in foreign policy Was it compatible with Marxism-Leninism - Essay Example The new political thinking initiated by the Gorbachev regime in the former Soviet Union brought in tremendous changes in the foreign policy of the country. Perestroika was considered as the opening of the Russia to world and in turn the world to the Russia. Gorbachev’s new foreign policy was characterised by the ‘free will’ to put an end to arms race, which was materialised as the freezing of nuclear tests in august 1985, the general disarmament plan in January 1986, agreement on the elimination of medium range nuclear missiles in 1987, large scale military cuts and pulling out from Afghanistan in 1989. However, Gorbachev miserably failed not only in democratising the regime but also in preserving it. The compatibility of Gorbachev’s policies with Marxism could only be determined with relations to what we consider as the central tenets of Marxism. Still, along the Gramscian lines, it is possible to argue that the Soviet Russia undergone a phase of passive r evolutions under the (non)leadership of Gorbachev. From a Marxist perspective, the Soviet Foreign policy had de-ideologised by the 1960s itself. The Gorbachevian reforms at the realm of foreign policy tried to get the foreign policy out of the irrational fears of cold war era. Gorbachevian Reforms and the New Political Thinking Many people think that the structural reforms undertook by Gorbachev was a response to the growing economic crisis Soviet Union faced in the 1980s. However, such a viewpoint does not consider the fact that many countries that are substantially poorer than Soviet Union have not undergone any systemic changes. Certainly, Gorbachev tried to modernise the economy and introduced new management techniques which are capitalistic in essence to unfetter production. However, perestroika needs to be understood as more about political reforms than economic reforms. Ironically, Gorbachevian reforms have many similarities with the austerity programmes usually adopted in ca pitalist countries. Gorbachev’s new political thinking was basically defined in terms of the need for an integrated world wherein both the Soviet Union and the West must try for the de-militarisation of the planet. Tsygankov argues that â€Å"by aiming for the West’s support and recognition, it inserted itself into the arena of the Western modernity of nation-states, making it increasingly difficult to discourage the Soviet ethnic republics from embarking on nationalist projects† (2006, p. 47). Here, the point is that the ideals of new political thinking such as world integration, enhanced cooperation with the West, greater autonomy for the ethnic nationalities were not compatible with the reality of an aggressively imperialist-capitalist West, especially under conservatives such as Regan and Thatcher. Remarkably, Gorbachev as a Soviet leader â€Å"found his main base of support not in the party, military, or industry, but in the liberal intelligentsia† ( English, 2000, p.195). As an ambitious leader, Gorbachev actively sought Russia’s broad shift towards the West in general and the Europe in particular. The goal of perestroika was â€Å"to modify the relations of production and prevent social upheaval† but it ended up in â€Å"opening the door to the influence of capitalism, fragmenting the heterogeneous Soviet elite, and enabled an opposition linked to global neoliberalism to emerge which utilised the nascent Russian state as a mechanism for advancing systemic transformation† (Simon, 2010, p. 431). In brief, Gorbachev’s so-called reform policies necessarily ended up in the consolidation of the Russian ruling elites and the transfer of state powers to itself. Importantly, Gorbachev did not have a concrete policy of either economic regeneration or political transformation. Kenez is of the view that â€Å"Gorbachev believed in the possibility of reforming communism in

Personal Worldview Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal Worldview Paper - Essay Example The theorists and researchers as well have always been interested since ever in exploring the history and origin of world views people have developed in their minds about countless issues, which have been being transferred from one generation to the other for the last several centuries. The researches reveal that the religious people, philosophers, intellectuals and thinkers have rendered valuable services in respect of making the minds of the people about various realities attributed to the universal phenomena. The worldview, according to Carol Hill, concentrates upon the basic way of interpreting things and events that pervades a culture so thoroughly that it becomes that culture’s concept of reality (The American Scientific Affiliation). Hence, the adherence of a large majority of the people to the norms, values, mores, taboos, traditions, customs, cult and festivals etc prevailing in some specific social establishment turns out to be decisive is respect of transferring the cultural traits from one generation to the other and so on (Macionis & Plummer, 2008). ... The adherents of Christianity make up the greatest religious community of the world. The belief system of the faith seeks inspiration from the Holy Scripture Bible, which is viewed to be the word of God sent from the Lord for the spiritual uplift and moral guidance of the humanity. Hence, the Bible can be stated as the finest and most reliable source of inspiration for the entire Christian community existing on the face of the earth. The Bible consists of Old and New Testaments, which concentrates upon the covenant made between God and the House of Jacob regarding the worship of God, love for Christ, obedience of the parents, and strict adherence to the commandments clearly mentioned in the Scripture are the source of a blissful life on the earth, as well as the only way to obtain eternal success in the life hereafter (Flannelly et al, 2008:4). Being the most authentic source of the Christian faith, Bible lays stress upon strict observance of patience, endurance, tolerance, fair play , justice and sacrifice. I have learned from the Scripture (Leviticus, 18-19). The same views have been endorsed by the saints and preachers that a true Christian should follow the commands of God by worshipping Him, and obeying one’s parents and elders. I was taught that the Christians are forbidden from imposing any hurt on others. Being a Christian, I abhor stealing, debauchery, extra marital relationships, homosexuality and hurting and harming the neighbors (Leviticus, 19: 7-16). The records of the Christ’s life and sayings, preserved in the minds and hearts of his followers, also endorsed the true teachings of Jesus, which were followed and transferred from one generation to the other on the one hand, and

AIDS and Needles Essay Example for Free

AIDS and Needles Essay Becton Dickinson, one of the largest manufacturers of medical supplies, dominates the US market in disposable syringes and needles. In 2005, a nurse, Maryann Rockwood (a fictional name), used a Becton Dickinson 5cc syringe and needle to draw blood from a patient known to be infected with HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus). Ms. Rockwood worked in a clinic that served AIDS patients, and she drew blood from these patients several times a day. After drawing the blood on this particular day, she transferred the HIV-contaminated blood to a sterile test tube by sticking the needle through the rubber stopper of the test tube, which she was holding with her other hand. She accidentally pricked her finger with the contaminated needle. She is now HIV positive. A few years earlier, in 2000, Becton Dickinson had acquired exclusive rights to a patent for a new syringe that had a moveable protective sleeve around it. The plastic tube around the syringe could slide down to safely cover the needle. The Becton Dickinson 5cc syringe used by Maryann Rockwood in 2005, however, did not yet have such a protective guard built into it. The AIDS epidemic has posed peculiarly acute dilemmas for health workers, including doctors and nurses. Doctors performing surgery on AIDS patients can easily prick their fingers with a scalpel, needle, sharp instrument, or even bone fragment and can become infected with the virus. The greatest risk is to nurses, who, after routinely removing an intravenous system, drawing blood, or delivering an injection to an AIDS patient, can easily stick themselves with the needle they were using. Needlestick injuries occur frequently in large hospitals and account for about 80 percent of reported occupational exposures to HIV among health care workers. It was conservatively estimated in 2005 that about 64 health care workers were then being infected with HIV each year as a result of needlestick injuries. Although the fear of HIV had heightened concerns over needlestick injuries, HIV was not the only risk posed by needlestick injuries. Hepatitis B can also be contracted through an accidental needlestick. In 2000, the Centre for Disease Control (CDC) estimated, on the basis of hospital reports, that each year at least 12,000 health care workers are exposed to blood contaminated with the Hepatitis B virus, and of these 250 die as a  consequence. Due to underreporting, however, the actual numbers may be higher. In addition to Hepatitis B, needlestick injuries can also transmit numerous other viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections, as well as toxic drugs or other agents that are delivered through a syringe and needle. The total statistics on needlestick injuries in 2005 are disturbing, although the exact incidence of contamination is unclear. It was estimated that each year, in the United States alone, between 800,000 and 1 million needlestick injuries occurred in hospitals of these, between 60,000 and 300,000 resulted in Hepatitis B infection. By one estimate, the risk of contracting HIV from a known contaminated needle could be as high as 1 in 1000, and the risk of contracting Hepatitis B, a serious and often life-threatening condition, could be as high as 1 in 6. These estimates would imply that as many as 600 to 1000 health care workers were at risk of contracting HIV and as many as 100,000 were at risk of contracting Hepatitis B. Several agencies stepped in to set guidelines for nurses, including the American Nursing Association, the CDC, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Food and Drug Administration (FAD), who all developed such guidelines. The most comprehensive guidelines were issued by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), who on December 6, 2001, required hospitals and other employers of health workers to (a) make sharps containers (safe needle containers) accessible to workers, (b) prohibit the practice of recapping needles by holding the cap in one hand and inserting the needle with  the other, and (c) provide information and training on needlestick prevention to employees.  The usefulness of these guidelines was controversial. Nurses work in high-stress emergency situations requiring quick action, and they are often pressed for time both because of the large number of patients they must care for and the highly variable needs and demands of these patients. In s uch workplace environments, it is difficult to adhere to the guidelines recommended by the agencies. For example, a high-risk source of needle sticks is the technique of replacing the cap on a needle (after it has been  used) by holding the cap in one hand and inserting the needle into the cap with the other hand. OSHA guidelines specifically warned against this two-handed technique of recapping and instead required that the cap be placed on a stable surface and the nurse use a one-handed spearing technique to replace the cap. (Note that recapping the needles in this more time consuming way presented no risk of needlestick injury to the user). As noted above however, nurses are often pressed for time (and are keenly aware of the added danger of walking around with an uncapped needles) and tend to take the ‘two-handed recapping shortcut’ when no suitable surface is readily available for the safer one-handed capping technique. This fact is known to Hospital administrators, who regularly warn against such practices, and offer ongoing training and retraining opportunities to their nursing staff. Several analysts suggested that the peculiar features of the nurses work environment made it unlikely that needlesticks would be prevented through mere guidelines alone: The problem was not the worker, but the design of the needle and syringe. Experts on needlestick injuries argued that, rather than trying to teach health care workers to use a hazardous device safely, the focus should be on the hazardous product design and that a whole new array of devices in which safety is an integral part of the design was required. Regulators also urged manufacturers to provide the health care worker with devices in which safety was built into the design. The risks of contracting life-threatening diseases by the use of needles and syringes in health care settings had been well documented since the early 1980s. Well over half of all the needles and syringes used by U.S. health care workers since 1980 were being manufactured by Becton Dickinson. Despite the emerging crisis, however, Becton Dickinson decided not to modify its syringes, although it did include in each box of needled syringes an insert warning of the danger of needlesticks and of the dangers of two-handed recapping. On December 23, 2000, the U.S. Patent office issued patent number 4,631,057 to Charles B. Mitchell for a syringe with a tube surrounding the body of the syringe that could be pulled down to cover and protect the needle on the syringe. At the time, at least four other patents for needle-shielding devices existed. As Mitchell noted in his patent application, those devices all suffered from serious drawbacks. One of them  would not lock the protective cover over the exposed needle, one was extremely complex, another was much longer than a standard syringe and difficult to use, and a fourth was designed primarily for use on animals. It was Mitchells assessment that his invention was the only effective, easily usable, and easily manufactured device capable of protecting users from needlesticks, particularly in emergency periods or other times of high stress. Unlike other syringe designs, Mitchells was shaped and sized like a standard syringe so nurses already familiar with standard syringe design would have no difficulty adapting to it. Shortly after Mitchell patented his syringe, Becton Dickinson purchased from him an exclusive license to manufacture it. A few months later, Becton Dickinson began field tests of early models of the syringe using a 3cc model. Nurses and hospital personnel were enthusiastic when shown the product. However, they warned that if the company priced the product too high, hospitals, with pressures on their budgets rising, could not buy the safety syringes. With concerns about HIV rising fast, the company decided to market the product. In 2001, with the field tests completed, Becton Dickinson had to decide which syringes would be marketed with the protective sleeves. Sleeves could be put on all of the major syringe sizes, including 1cc, 3cc, 5cc, and 10cc syringes. However, the company decided to market only a 3cc version of the protective sleeve. The 3cc syringes account for about half of all syringes used, although the larger sizes-5cc and 10cc syringes-are preferred by nurses when drawing blood. This 3cc syringe was marketed in 2002 under the trademarked name Safety-Lok Syringe. It was promoted as a device that virtually eliminates needlesticks. The 3cc safety syringe with the protective sleeve was sold in 2001 to hospitals and doctors offices for between 50 and 75 cents. By 2003, the company had dropped the price to 26 cents per unit. At the time, a regular syringe without any protective device was priced at 8 cents per unit and cost 4 cents to make. Information about the cost of manufacturing the new safety sy ringe is unavailable but is estimated at between 13 and 20 cents each. The difference between the price  of a standard syringe and the price of the safety syringe was an obstacle for customers. To switch to the new safety syringe would increase the hospitals costs for 3cc syringes by a factor of three. An equally important impediment to adoption was the fact that the syringe was available in only one 3cc size, and it was perceived to be of limited application. Hospitals are reluctant to adopt and adapt to a product that is not available for the whole range of applications the hospital must confront. In particular, hospitals often needed the larger 5cc and 10cc sizes to draw blood, and Becton Dickinson had not made these available with a sleeve. For 5 years, Becton Dickinson manufactured only 3cc safety syringes. During that period, Becton Dickinson did not license its new safety syringe technology to another manufacturer that might have produced a full range of syringe sizes. Most hospitals and clinics, including the medical facility where Maryann Rockwood worked at drawing blood from many patients with Hepatitis B or HIV, did not stock the Becton Dickinson safety syringe. Most nurses in the United States continued to use unprotected syringes. Maryann Rockwood sued Becton Dickinson, alleging that, because it alone had an exclusive right to Mitchells patented design, the company had a duty to provide the safety syringe in all its sizes, and that by withholding other sizes from the market it had contributed to her injury. The case was settled out of court.

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach :: Essays Papers

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach May 11, 1752-January 22, 1840 Born in Gotha, Germany in 1752, Blumenbach went on to Jena to study medicine. He completed his doctoral training at Gottingen in 1775. Just a year later, he was appointed as an extraordinary professor of medicine. His study of the history of man showing the value of using comparative anatomy and his classification of the five varieties of man were two important contributions made by Blumenbach (1911 Edition). He wasted no time in becoming one of the most influential members of the fields of comparative anatomy, zoology, physiology, anthropology, and craniology, in fact, Blumenbach is considered to be the founder of anthropology as well as craniology. In his construction of this new field of physical anthropology, he used the methods of natural historians, and applied those methods to the human species (Keith 106). Objectifying the study of mankind, Blumenbach collected numerous specimens from various races. Skulls, skin, hair and pictures were among the items coll ected. From each item, the location, as well as race of the item, was known and recorded. Prior to Blumenbach's systematized assortment of specimens, the only collections "consisted of miscellaneous oddities preserved in the 'cabinets' of noble houses, for the idle amusement of the curious." (Keith, 106). Blumenbach' s more complete collection allowed intensive study into the racial history of mankind, which is just what he wanted to do. Blumenbach was also the first to study the actual form of skulls (Retzius 283). The book, On the Natural Variety of Mankind, was Blumenbach's main contribution to the field of anthropology and comparative anatomy. In this book he discusses the chief varieties of mankind, the causes of degeneration, the differences between man and other animals, the differences, and causes of differences, between varieties of man, and various other issues related to the existing varieties of the species of man. Blumenbach asserts that climate is an important contributing factor in racial differences. In fact, he states specifically, "climate is the principal cause of the racial face," (Blumenbach 229). Diet and customs were also important contributions, according to Blumenbach. He even went so far as to say that the Ethiopians’ flattened facial features were caused by the practice of mothers carrying their infants on their backs while working, and thus pressing the infants face into the mothers’ backs (Schiebinger 393).

Comparison Between the Yellow Wallpaper and Tell-Tale Hearts

Jaime Macias Professor Whalen English 1B 22 October 2012 Critical Thinking Log 2: Short Story #2 Madness within the human psyche goes hand and hand when the names Edgar Allen Poe and Charlotte Perkins Gilman are spoken. The stories â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart,† by Edgar Allen Poe and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman are both prime examples of how 19th century authors provoked the ideas of paranoia and mental deterioration within troubled narrators.These disorders can be compared in reference to when each character makes its discovery, the similarities can be drawn from discovering these comparisons in mental state, and then differences between â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† can be broadcasted. In â€Å"Tell-Tale Heart,† Poe’s story through the eyes of an obsessive madman, this is very similar to the protagonist in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Gilman. Because of the narrators’ d elusional states, it makes it difficult to differentiate between actual events or from those that occur through the distraught mental state of each narrator.Each character discovers and comes to admittance of their mental disability at different intervals of the stories. â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† has madness declared at the very beginning of the story when the narrator proclaims â€Å"†¦I am mad? The disease had sharpened my senses—not destroyed—not dulled them. † (Poe 81). In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† Gilman gradually develops the obsession and the disorder in the narrator’s mental state. The narrator describes the house they have moved into for the summer in the beginning as being, â€Å"The most beautiful place! â€Å"It is quite alone, standing well back from the road, quite three miles from the village. † (Gilman 88). As the narrator examines every inch of the house, she comes to the wallpaper and that’s when the obsession begins. â€Å"I never saw a worse paper in my life. † She continues by stating â€Å"One of those sprawling, flamboyant patterns committing every artistic sin. † (Gilman 89) It is here where she describes the wallpaper with detail and begins her descent into mental corrosion. One of the most obvious differences lies in the writing style of Edgar Allen Poe and Gilman, but many of the ideas circle around similar topics.

Language Teaching And Application Of Communication Technologies Education Essay

CALL – short for Computer-assisted linguistic communication acquisition is a signifier of computer-based acquisition focused on bettering individualised acquisition as it is a student-centered accelerated larning tool intended to ease the linguistic communication larning procedure. The beginning of the word CALL comes from the abbreviation CAI ( Computer-Accelerated Instruction ) and is a term viewed as an assistance for instructors. Some describe CALL as an attack to learning and larning foreign linguistic communications via the computing machine and different computer-based resources such as the Internet. However CALL is neither designed nor intended to replace face-to-face linguistic communication instruction but instead to better the self-study 1. The Computer-assisted linguistic communication acquisition can really good be used to supplement the group instruction. Since every bit early as the 1960s computing machines have helped linguistic communication instruction. Early in the yearss CALL developed into a symbiotic relationship between the development of engineering and pedagogy.The development of CALL can be divided into three phases: Behavioristic CALL, Communicative CALL and Integrative CALL. The first stage of CALL was based on the then-dominant behaviourist theories of larning. Programs of this stage entailed insistent linguistic communication drills and can be referred to as â€Å" drill and pattern † . In â€Å" drill and pattern † the computing machine serves as a vehicle for presenting instructional stuffs to the pupil. The 2nd stage of CALL was based on the communicative attack to learning which became widely used during the 1970s and 80s. This attack felt that the plans of the old decennary did non let adequate communicating and could non be of much value. The communicative CALL avoids stating pupils they are incorrect and is flexible to a assortment of pupil responses and uses the mark linguistic communication entirely and creates an environment in which utilizing the mark linguistic communication feels natural. The 3rd stage of CALL, the Integrative CALL, tries to incorporate the instruction of linguistic communication accomplishments into undertakings or undertakings to supply way and coherency. It coincides with the development of multimedia engineering. Name in this period is used for widening instruction beyond the schoolroom and reorganising direction. The design of modern CALL lessons by and large takes into consideration rules of linguistic communication teaching method derived from larning theories. Recent researches in CALL are in favor of a learner-centered exploratory attack where pupils are encouraged to seek different possible solutions to a job. Call and computational linguistics are separate but mutualist Fieldss of survey. The intent of computational linguistics is to learn computing machines to bring forth grammatically right sentences utilizing natural and fluid English. Since the computing machines have become so widespread in schools and places and they have become such valuable portion of people s mundane life that it obliged teaching method to develop in new ways to work the computing machine ‘s benefits and to work around its restrictions. A huge figure of pedagogical attacks have been developed in the computing machine age including the communicative and integrative attacks. Others include constructivism, whole linguistic communication theory and sociocultural theory. Using the constructivism theory pupils are urged to build new cognition based on experience so they can integrate new thoughts in their already-established scheme of cognition. Whole linguistic communication theory insists that in position of linguistic communication larning focal point alterations from the whole to the portion and instead than constructing sub-skills like grammar pupils should concentrate on higher abilities such as reading comprehension the manner to larn to utilize linguistic communication is the opposite.The sociocultural theory provinces that acquisition is a procedure of going portion of a desired community and larning through communities regulations of behaviour. Although all attacks are different in general they all take the focal point of larning off the instructors and province that pupils larning experiences has more to make with eloquence over truth in order to let pupils to collaborate, instead than vie. In malice of altering the function of the instructors in the educational system CALL does non extinguish the demand for a instructor wholly. In position of being the centre of pupils attending, instructors now become ushers as they help the pupils complete the assigned undertakings instead than merely educating them. Restricting the instructors presence has been shown to take to better quality of communicating such as more fluidness and more sharing of pupils personal egos. On the other manus, the pupils instead than passively absorbing information now they must absorb new information through interaction and coaction with each other. This should raise their self-esteem and assist their cognition to better linguistic communication scholars four accomplishments – hearing, speech production, reading and composing. Most CALL programmes are geared toward these receptive and productive accomplishments because of the current province of technological progresss. And those programmes h ave helped for the development of talking abilities a batch. Using confab has been shown to assist pupils routinize certain often-used looks to advance the development of talking accomplishments. The usage of engineering inside or outside the schoolroom tends to do the category more interesting. However, certain design issues impact merely how interesting the peculiar tool creates motive. Some ways to actuate the pupils is to personalise information, to hold animated objects on the screen or to supply a context that is non straight language-oriented. One benefit of increased motive is that pupils tend to pass more clip on undertakings when on the computing machine. Without computing machines, pupils can non truly act upon the patterned advance of the category content but computing machines can accommodate to the pupil. This normally means that the pupil controls the gait of the acquisition and that pupils can do picks in what and how to larn. With existent communicating Acts of the Apostless, instead than teacher-contrived 1s, pupils feel empowered and less afraid to reach others. Students believe they learn faster and better and larn more about civilization with computer-med iated communicating. The impact of CALL in foreign linguistic communication instruction has been modest. The restrictions of the engineering, due to the job with cost have been debatable. Computer engineering has improved greatly in the last three decennaries and demands placed on CALL have grown even more so. However, most of the jobs that appear in the literature on CALL have more to make with instructor outlooks and apprehensivenesss about what computing machines can make for the linguistic communication scholar and instructor. The most important factor that can take to the failure of CALL, or the usage of any engineering in linguistic communication instruction is non the failure of the engineering, but instead the failure to put adequately in teacher preparation and the deficiency of imaginativeness to take advantage of the engineering ‘s flexibleness. As active tool making positive motive in linguistic communication instruction and larning CALL is rooted in visual image as establishing rule in methodological analysis. Verbal and ocular are the two faces of the same coin.

Essay on Personal and Professional Development in Health and Social Care part 2

Essay on Personal and Professional Development in Health and Social Care part 2 Essay on Personal and Professional Development in Health and Social Care part 2 Essay on Personal and Professional Development in Health and Social Care part 2Essay on Personal and Professional Development in Health and Social Care part  1At the same time, I admit that I had some weaknesses, such as the lack of experience. In fact, I had little experience before I started working in the health and social care setting. In this regard, I focused on the hard work to acquire new experience which enriched my professional development. Practical implementation of my knowledge and the work in the real world environment helped me to enhance my professional performance.Furthermore, I was aware of my poor organisational skills. In fact, the under-developed organisational skills raised the problem of difficulties with effective fulfilment of my professional duties and functions. For instance, I could not admit being late and it was difficult for me to schedule my work day to be always in time and to complete all the tasks, which I have planned.On the other hand, I focused on health rather than social care that raised the problem of the effective provision of social care services for my client. Instead, I focused on health care services. As I started working, I found out that it was quite challenging to provide clients with effective health care services without providing them with social support.At the same time, the analysis of my experience of work in the health and social care setting reveals the fact that still I have some opportunities to keep progressing professional and personally and improve my professional performance in the future. One of the main opportunities I have is the development of positive interpersonal relations with clients due to well-developed communication skills. The establishment of positive interpersonal relations helped me to gain the confidence of clients and provide health care services effectively since they viewed me rather as a friend than a mere health care professional, whose skills and experience they could questi on. In addition, I have got an opportunity of the provision of clients with effective health care and counselling services due to my communication skills and knowledge in the field of counselling (Elger   Chevorlet, 2000). Even though I have not had the counselling experience before I was interested in counselling services and I read a lot about such services, while during my work in the health and social care environment, such knowledge were very useful, especially in the work with people, who experienced significant life events.On the other hand, I still face certain threats that need the further enhancement of my professional and personal development. I could mention such threats as possible misunderstanding of the cultural background of my clients causing conflicts or inappropriate behaviour and the lack of interaction between me as a health care professional and social workers. The misunderstanding of the cultural background of my clients causing conflicts or inappropriate be haviour is a serious threat because it affects the quality of health and social care services I provide for clients (Coddington, Fischer,   Moore, 2000).The lack of interaction between me as a health care professional and social workers is another threat, which though depends on external factors that means that I cannot change by myself but by the system. In such a way, the development of the effective interaction between social and health care services.At the same, I contributed to the improvement of the health and safety needs as the milestone of health and social care practices. To put it more precisely, I communicated with my colleagues and attempted to show them how effective health care services may be, when they go hand in hand with social care to meet not only health but also safety needs of clients. In addition, I prepared a post on the importance of meeting health and safety needs of clients which I published on the website of the healthcare organisation, where I worked. I also contributed to the development of the organisational health and social care policy. In this regard, again I used the organisation’s website to post my suggestions concerning the improvement of the organisational health and social care services and policies. In addition, I filed a report to my manager, where I offered my suggestions and recommendations.At the same time, my work encouraged me to create the plan of my development. First, I planned to focus on the improvement of my organisational skills. Second, I planned to expand my knowledge and experience in the field of social care. In this regard, I plan to learn more about social care and focus on recent studies related to this field. In addition, I planned to keep developing my communication skills to keep progressing professional and to develop effective and successful interpersonal relations with my colleagues and clients.The effectiveness of the plan was high because I focused on those areas, where I have substa ntial difficulties, but communication skills. In the course of the implementation of my plan I have made a considerable progress and improved my communication and organisational skills, although the latter was very difficult for me. At the same time, I am still planning to keep expanding my skills and experience in the field of counselling and social care.Task 3Professional relationships in the workplace environment play an important part in the development of interpersonal relations of employees. At the same time, professional relations are important not only for the interaction between health and social care professionals but also for the successful organisational performance. What is meant here is the fact that I found out that conflicts between health and social care professionals can cause substantial deterioration of the organisational performance (Davis, 2006). At any rate, I witnessed a conflict within a department that resulted in the deterioration of the performance of the department and several cases of compliances from the part of clients, who were dissatisfied with the quality of health and social care services. As for my personal experience, I distinguished tow major types of professional relationships: formal relationships, which exist as a rule between employees and managers; and informal, friendly relationships, which exist between professionals that hold equal positions in the organisation. Professional relationships determine the quality of health and social care because they help to focus on the fulfilment of specific functions of each professional and effective interaction between them.Furthermore, relationships between professionals working in the health and social care organisation involve not only their professional interaction or interpersonal relations but also their legal relations. From the moment of employment, a professional entering a health and social care organisation gets involved into legal relations that implies that the ind ividual has not only rights but also liabilities and duties which he/she has to fulfil to the full extent. In this respect, the duty of care is, in my opinion, the most important part of professional relationships because it affects the interaction between health and social care professionals and their clients.Essay on Personal and Professional Development in Health and Social Care part 3

Whats Next for Administrative and Executive Assistants

Whats Next for Administrative and Executive Assistants Over at The Effective Admin, Karen Porter has some advice for Executive Assistants and Administrative Assistants who are ready for the next big rung up the ladder.If you like providing administrative support, you may find reassurance in the predictable climb  upwards every time someone leaves or someone new is hired and needs an assistant. Or maybe you stumbled into admin work and are just happy to have a desk and a paycheck! But maybe now that youre settled and have  started to look around, youve realized youre on a conveyor belt of sorts. That can often feel too limited.What if you didnt have to follow a predefined path? What if you could develop your own path based on a 5- or 10-year plan?What this may mean is letting go of your title, or even your professional category and focusing instead of what responsibilities you want to hold a year or several years from now. Does your company have   roles that would afford you those opportunities? If not, is there any way you can stil l acquire some of those responsibilities outside of your normal job parameters, so they can translate on to your resume and make you appealing to a company that does have room for that position?Ask yourself: What kind of jobs offer  your dream work activities (and whatever benefits, perks, salaries, working conditions etc are your top priorities)? What sort of tasks can you add to your current roster- without changing your title- that will get you ready for your next move?Define your strengths, look for holes in your experience, and work to fill them. Make your own path, ladders and rungs optional!

Risk Allocation In FIDIC Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Risk Allocation In FIDIC - Assignment Example Headquarter of FIDIC is situated in Switzerland, more than sixty countries are the part of FIDIC and it also represents many of the private consulting engineers all over the world. A variety of standard forms are made and published by FIDIC and are regularly updated following of extensive consultation with its international contractors, members, the Bar Institution and with the main international banks as well as the World Bank.3 Discussion At the beginning the standard forms of the FIDIC were aimed for international usage i.e. for those projects in which the client country was looking for contractor’s participation from other countries. Even so in current period the forms of the FIDIC have been used more and more for local contracts in which both contractors and clients are of the same country.4 In 1999, after the development in the industry and following the acknowledgment of irregularity in the previous contract’s standard, the FIDIC developed a new form’s sui t in order to change the active forms. ... The design of these new is to be user friendly with the standard approach and a decrease in the general conditions from over sixty to twenty clauses. In addition to this the Extra forms functioning since 1999 consist of: The Blue Book: these are the contracts for Dragging and Renewal of Works; The Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) /FIDIC Contract: these are the condition of FIDIC that are integrated in the standard papers of request of MDBs;7 The White Book: this include the form contract of service of Consultant and Client; The Gold Book: this includes the operation, building and designing of the FIDIC tasks.8 To aid in carrying out its establishing aims, the move towards of the FIDIC in order to outline contracts has constantly been supported by its principle. The contracts of FIDIC necessarily furnish a reasonable part of risks among the parties to a contract, additionally that risks must be accepted by the best able party in order to assure them. The uniformity across many fo rms is one of the advantages of utilizing the FIDIC set of contracts. Whilst all contract form is aimed for a dissimilar type of procurement or project strategy, a centre of general clauses is utilized over the entire forms and where probable, the identical definitions and words are utilised. 9This implies that know-how of one type can be utilised on other types in the FIDIC set of contracts. Within the suite of FIDIC the different types of contracts are prepared across the degree of plan responsibility presumed by the contractor and employer. Every contract is termed as a book and a specific colour is assigned to each contract. Understanding the Contract and General Provisions The structure of the